Exhibition : "Timorese women sharing
from their heart ! "
Following
the outbreak of war in the Pacific after the sudden attack on Pearl Harbour,
Hawaii, on 7 December 1941, Australia, as an ally of America, feared that Japan
would invade the island of Timor in order to attack Australia. So on 17
December 1942, the allied forces of Australia and the Dutch Indies moved into
Portuguese Timor in order to arrest the Japanese advance. At that time, the
Portuguese Governor, Manuel
de Abreu Ferreira de Carvalho,
did not consent to the presence of allied troops in Portuguese Timor but he was
powerless to do anything to prevent them.
Due to
the defensive presence of the allied troops, the Japanese no longer considered
Portuguese Timor to be neutral so on 20 February 1942, the Japanese military
invaded the territory of Portuguese Timor. The primary forces were Regiment 228
(Regiment Commander, Colonel Sadaschi Doi) from Infantry. The regiment
split into two. The first group attacked Kupang and the second conducted a
daylight attack on Dili.
With
the Japanese invasion, the Australian allied forces retreated into the
mountains to the west and south. But gradually the Japanese Forces made ground
on the Australians until, on 10 February 1943, the remaining Australian forces
withdrew from the south coast and retreated back to Australia.
At the
beginning of September 1942, Division 38 was replaced by Division 48 (Commanded
by Lieutenant Yuitsu
Dobashi and Infantry Division Commander,
Major-General Koiche
Abe). Division 48 was composed of a
number of units, including the 47th Infantry Regiment Formosa 1 and 2,
followed by the 48th Artillery
Regiment Mount Formosa, 48th Machine
Regiment Formosa, etc. In some areas, two units of the Special Operations
Forces were also deployed, namely the ‘Tomiki Organ’ (infantry forces) and ‘Othori
Organ’ (naval forces). In total, there were 12,000 soldiers from the 48th Division deployed throughout Timor,
with the General Command of the 48th Division based in Dili. There were
also three regional commands in Lautem, Ossu and Dili.
Portugal
protested against the Japanese invasion as a contravention of Portuguese
sovereignty and neutrality. However, Japan accused Portugal of potentially
supporting the enemy (allied forces) of the Portuguese people through its
behaviour. Due to long-standing oppression from the Portuguese, many Timorese
took advantage of the opportunity to retaliate against the Portuguese, with
manipulation by the Japanese Special Operations Unit. This insecurity led to
the Portuguese Governor accepting the Japanese presence, handing over all
weapons to the Japanese, and gathering together all Portuguese people in one
camp (deconcentration camp).
The
three and a half years of the Japanese invasion inflicted enormous suffering on
the Timorese people, including widespread destruction, forced labour and
servitude, starvation, execution of all those suspected of supporting the allied forces and
violence of a level that traumatised the whole generation. Of all the suffering
inflicted on the people of Timor, the one violation that is rarely if ever
spoken of, is the sexual slavery and sexual abuse inflicted on numerous
Timorese women.
WHAT IS LANFU ?
“Lanfu” is
a Japanese word that is used to describe women who forcibly become ‘wives’ of
the military. During the Second World War, the Japanese forces, which were
spread across many Asian countries, including Korea, China, Taiwan, the
Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia and Timor-Leste, systematically forced women
into military houses to attend to the sexual needs and desires of the Japanese
military. These
women were forced into slavery by threats and deception. Some women were forced
to become ‘provisional wives’ to the senior commanders, other women, who were
required to attend to the needs of numerous soldiers, were known as ‘ianfu’
(comfort women).
They weren’t able to escape due to the strict security and
threats the Japanese used to scare them. Some ianfu forced to travel with
military units, when they were redeployed, for example from Korea to Java or
from Java to Timor. Ianfu that were taken with the military units were known as
“Jugan-Ianfu”. Houses for the Ianfu were known in Japanese as ‘Ianjo’.
They were not prostitutes, they were victims of sexual violations. They lost their
freedom and were violated on numerous occasions in many locations over the
course of three years. According to International Law, provisional wives and
ianjo are sexual slaves. This is concerned a war crime and a crime against
humanity.
In
Timor-Leste, during WWII, Japanese forces also took provisional wives or used
ianfu/sexual slaves. They targeted both young girls who had yet to hit puberty
and those who already had husbands. Parents were threatened with death or
arrest if they didn’t allow their daughters to become provisional wives or
ianfu.
The
suffering inflicted on these women didn’t end when the Second World War ended.
They continued to suffer severe social discrimination from their communities
because they dignity as women had been destroyed. Many victims continued to
suffer trauma from their experiences as sexual slave and refused to share their
stories to anyone, including their families.
WHY
THIS EXHIBITION ?
February
20 is the anniversary of the Japanese military invasion in Timor-Leste, now 73
years ago. Our intention is to share publicly the facts that we have discovered
through research conducted from 2005-2007 between the HAK Association and the
Japan Coalition for Timor-Leste. We were able to interview 85 people and 15
survivors of sexual slavery (ianfu) who were still alive. Today just 11 are
alive. In 2006, two passed away, Marta Abubere no Esmeralda Boe from Bobonaro.
In 2007, Clementina Cardozo from Suai passed away. And in 2009, Mariana de Souza Freitas from
Baucau Fatumaca also died. There are a number
that don’t wish to be identified as
victims, therefore
during the research no one was obliged to share their experience, but we
requested their understanding of speaking out about things they have kept deep
in their hearts.
This Jugan Ianfu exhibition is an opportunity to
commemorate the 73rd anniversary
of the Japanese invasion, and our objectives are as follows: 1. Inform the public about the reality of the Japanese occupation in
Timor-Leste from 1942-1945. 2. Awaken public consciousness to the abhorrence of war and the repulsive behaviour that happens during wars,
particularly to vulnerable members of society (women and children) . 3. Increase survivors’ solidarity amongst the victims, particularly
those former slaves (“comfort women”) in Timor-Leste. melissa.timor@gmail.com
CONCERT FOR TIMOR SUPPORTER
At the Sydney Conservatorium of Music yesterday (Saturday) , a special concert was staged to mark the 70th birthday of Martin Wesley-Smith and his contribution to Australian music , which will be broadcast on ABC Classic FM at 8pm on the 25th. Many of the pieces to be heard were inspired by passionate causes such as freedom for East Timor and West Papua, or some social issues closer to home.